Myths, supernatural stories handed down through the ages, attempted to make compatible the mysteries of the universe with the wonders of human existence. The ancient imagination, unchecked by reason, attributed human form to the moon and the stars, the soil and the seas, the animals and the plants. An overriding theme explored the quest for immortality. Here follows five of the most interesting:
The Gilgamesh Myth: Rejuvenation Bites Back
The earliest surviving work of literature in the Western canon, the Mesopotamian Epic of Gilgamesh, deals with many themes including the quest for fame, sexual temptation and the flood story. Gilgamesh meets Uta-napishti who survived the Great Flood and was granted immortality by the gods. Uta-napishti tells Gilgamesh how to find a plant at the bottom of the sea that will renew his youth. Gilgamesh dives for the plant, finds it and sets out for home. When he stops for the night to sleep, a snake steals the plant of rejuvenation. This magic plant allows snakes forevermore to shed their skin and become young again.
Cupid and Psyche: Love Lives Forever
The radiant beauty of Psyche so angered the goddess Venus that she contrived to imprison her on a rocky mount. Zephyr, the gentle west wind, carried her off the cliff to a palace of gold and silver where Cupid came to her in darkness, but always left before daybreak. Her visiting sisters were amazed to see Psyche’s lavish wealth and to hear her speak so lovingly of her husband. The jealous sisters convinced Psyche that her husband was a hideous monster. They gave her a lighted lamp to prove their assertions. That night, holding the lamp high above her lover, she gazed at the fairest of all creatures. Hot oil from the lamp fell on Cupid’s shoulder awakening him. Cupid expelled Psyche from the palace telling her that love died when trust was lacking. After accomplishing a series of seemingly impossible tasks imposed upon her by the gods, Psyche was given ambrosia, the taste of which made her immortal. Love (Cupid) and the Soul (Psyche) live forever as husband and wife in a union that can never be broken.
The Tithonus Myth: Life is More than Living
Rosy-fingered Aurora, The Goddess of the Dawn, fell in love with Tithonus a handsome mortal destined to die. Aurora begged Zeus to grant her lover immortality, but she forgot to ask that Tithonus remain forever young. Zeus made Tithonus immortal, but did not give him eternal youth. Tithonus lived year upon ceaseless year as battering days wrecked siege upon him. His mind gone with the strength of his body, he babbled endlessly. Finally, Zeus, taking pity on this dried husk of a man, turned Tithonus into a locust. If one listens carefully on the warm nights in summer pastures, Tithonus can be heard chirruping ceaselessly these words: Live lively, live lively, live lively.
Gorgons: Monsters of Immortality
Danaë visited by Zeus in the form of a shower of gold, bore him a son who was to be the famous hero, Perseus. Following a series of adventures, Danaë and Perseus were washed ashore on the island of Seriphos where Polydectes, chief of the island, came to love Danaë. Polydectes became enraged when he learned that the heart of Danaë was given to her son. To have Danaë in his power, Polydectes sent Perseus upon the fearful task of killing the Gorgon, Medusa. Of the three Gorgons, Medusa, Stheno and Euryale, Medusa alone could be killed, the other two were immortal. Two great Gods—Hermes and Athena—were sent by Zeus to watch over Perseus. Hermes gave Perseus an unbreakable sword, winged sandals and a magic helmet that made him invisible. Athena loaned him her shield of polished bonze. Using the shield as a mirror, Perseus avoided looking into the eyes of the hideous snake-headed monster that with one glance turned men to stone. With one swift blow, Peruses cut off Medusa’s head using the sword of Hermes. Medusa’s head lives on in ancient shields and armor of the Greeks who believed that its power would freeze the blood of all who beheld it.
Narcissus and Echo: The Curse of Unrequited Love
No maiden could avoid casting loving looks upon Narcissus, the most handsome of men. Narcissus, vain as he was handsome, shunned all the fair maidens. He preferred solitary places where he could find in nature beauty comparable to his. The wood nymph, Echo, condemned by Hera for her chattering tongue, slunk among the underbrush shadowing the steps of the handsome youth. Unable to speak except to repeat the last word of another who spoke first, Echo was ashamed to show herself. She trembled with passion and despair in the brambles that hid her. Hearing rustling in the trees, Narcissus cried out. “Is anyone here?” Echo replied, “Here.” Narcissus shouted, “What brings you?” She answer joyfully, “You!” and stepped from the woods with her arms outstretched. Turning away in disdain Narcissus cried, “I have no love for those whose beauty fails to match mine alone.” Echo could only reply, “alone.” Shamed and rebuffed she hid her blushes in a lonely cave. Longing for Narcissus she wasted away among cliffs and hollows. In the deep and hidden recesses of the world only her voice remains.
Meanwhile, the great goddess of righteous anger, Nemesis, cursed Narcissus with the words: “May he who loves not others love himself only.” As Narcissus bent over a clear pool for a drink, he saw there his own reflection. Gazing at his own beauty he pined away leaning perpetually over the pool until he died. Where his body had fallen bloomed a lovely flower that the wood nymphs called by his name, Narcissus.
FACTS ABOUT MORTALITY
Although myths are more fun to read, facts are more valued by the practical minded. Here then is the data about living longer.
Interesting statistics (Statistics are like bikinis. What they reveal is suggestive, but what they conceal is vital.)
- In 1796 life expectance hovered around 24 years
- In 1896 life expectancy doubled to 48 years
- Today the world’s average life expectancy is 63 years
- In the US men live to age 72, women live to age 79
- In Japan, the country where people live longer than any other, life-expectancy is 80 years
- Those born after 1997 have a life expectancy to 83
- Those born after 2005 have a life expectancy to 86
- Eliminating heart disease, cancer and stroke increases life expectancy to 95
- Over half the US baby-boomers will see their 100th birthday
- Those that are 85 and older are the fastest-growing age group
- People who live at higher altitudes live longer
- Taking care of children increases longevity (unless the child has liquid diarrhea for five days [inside joke])
- The older you are the longer you are expected to live
The ten mid-life risk factors for dying young
- Body-mass index of 25 or more
- High blood glucose
- High triglyceride levels
- High blood pressure
- Inability to squeeze at least 86 pound of pressure with a handheld device
- Smoking
- Consuming three or more alcoholic drinks daily
- Failing to graduate from high school
- Being unmarried
- Having a moving traffic violation during the past three years
Why women live longer than men
- Men have testosterone
- Increases risk taking—accidents, fighting, etc.
- Increases cholesterol
- Women have estrogen
- Lowers harmful cholesterol and raises “good” cholesterol
The hormone replacement myth
- DHEA doesn’t increase longevity
- Melatonin doesn’t increase longevity
- Replacement testosterone doesn’t increase longevity
Ten ways to live longer
· Have parents who live a long time
· Weigh 10% less than your ideal weight—the only guaranteed way to exceed life expectancy
Ø Evidence suggests that a semi-starvation diet causes stress that activates SIR2 and related genes (collectively known as Sirtuins) that improve health and prolong life
Ø At least 19 plant compounds modulate Sirtuins suggesting that the plants produce their own SIR2 enzymes when they suffer certain stressful conditions
Ø Developing these stress-induced plant compounds and pursuing drugs that modulate SIR2 activation provide hope for prolonging life
· Exercise 60 minutes six times daily
· Have an optimistic personality = 55% lower risk of death
· Drink 3-5 ounces of red wine daily. Resveratrol, a Sirtuin-activating molecule found in red wine, may prolong life by enhancing SIR2
· Increase socializing with happy, interesting, positive friends
· Love someone who loves you in return
· Have something to look forward too
· Find work you enjoy
· Don’t worry, be happy. “In life you will have some trouble, if you worry you make it double”